ABSTRACT
Purpose: To evaluate the difficulty perceived of each step of phacoemulsification and analyze the factors affecting them. Methods: Overall, 12 trainee residents were allotted 10 cases of phacoemulsification of eyes with senile cataract, under a single observer, and the steps of each surgery were rated from very easy to very difficult with a questionnaire. The completion rates of steps and complications of each surgery were noted. Principal component analysis of the responses to the difficulty level questionnaire was conducted to obtain factors resulting in the perceived difficulty. Results: The lowest difficulty scores were for initial step of incision creation (1.63 � 0.84), followed by intraocular lens insertion (2.51 � 0.8). The most difficult step was divide/chop of the nucleus (3.74 � 0.97) followed by phacoemulsification (3.32 � 0.82). Highest completion rates were seen for the initial steps of the surgery and the lowest for divide/chop. We identified two major patterns of difficulty among the trainees � one for steps involving high amount of binocularity and the other, for steps involving high precision of hand control. The rate of complication of our study was within acceptable range. Conclusion: Although trainees have practiced phacoemulsification steps on simulation, real-life situation may bring in unprecedented level of difficulty and challenges, which may be documented and used for targeted improvement of surgical skills. Stereopsis and hand control training should form a major part of training modules of cataract surgery both on simulation and real-life scenarios.
ABSTRACT
The current study examined the relationship between cognitive performances (executive function, selective attention and reaction time), fine motor coordination skills and perceived difficulty after active transport to school. Method: Fifteen right-handed children's underwent session, 15-min walking session at 30% (WS1) and 15-min walking session (WS2) at 50% of maximal aerobic speed. Subjects performed tests to evaluate executive function, reaction time and selective attention. After each trial, a questionnaire of perceived difficulty (PD) was completed. Results: Average time in TMT part A (F(2,22) = 4.44; p = 0.024; η2= 0.288) and TMT part B (F(2,22) = 4.54; p = 0.022; η2= 0.292), and committed errors (F(2,22) = 7.78; p = 0.003; η2= 0.414) was improved after walking sessions in comparison by CS. The mean scores were significantly higher after walking sessions for both long and short-distance throws (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant negative correlation was found between committed errors (TMT part B) and both dart throwing consistency and accuracy (r = - 0.6; r = - 0.64; p < 0.05) (respectively). Post-hoc analysis showed that PD was better after walking sessions with low intensity for both short and long throwing distance. However, it seems that walking session with sustained intensity allows speed and accuracy improvement of cognitive processing. Conclusion: Thus, active walking to school with low intensity was sufficient to produce positives changes in psychomotor performance and decrease in perceived difficulty scores. By including individual differences in gross motor coordination as well as physical activity level, the exact nature of the link between psychomotor skills and cognitive performance could be more addressed.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Students/psychology , Cognition/physiology , Walking Speed/physiology , Motor Activity/physiology , Schools , Surveys and Questionnaires , Walking/physiologyABSTRACT
En esta investigación se midió la respuesta cardiovascular al estrés, autoeficacia computacional y la percepción de dificultad de la tarea, en una muestra de 115 estudiantes de pregrado de la Universidad Simón Bolívar. Los resultados evidencian que en cuanto a los parámetros fisiológicos cardiovasculares, hubo elevación en la presión arterial y la frecuencia cardíaca en ambas versiones del test de stroop (clásico y computarizado). En general, la percepción de la dificultad de la tarea en estos sujetos fue más elevada ante el stroop clásico. Finalmente, en relación con la autoeficacia computacional los sujetos presentan valores altos, lo cual indica una percepción de habilidades para trabajar frente a un computador. Estos resultados representan una contribución importante, pues están indicando la relación de las variables cognitivas y las respuestas fisiológicas del estudiante universitario ante situaciones demandantes o difíciles. De esta manera, las situaciones vividas en el ambiente académico pueden tener un impacto relevante en los estados de salud, y debemos tomar en consideración estos aspectos para el beneficio integral del estudiante
In this investigation of the Cardiovascular Response to Stress, Perceived Task Difficulty and physiological responding were measured. The study used a sample of 115 undergraduate students of a Simon Bolivar University. Results show that a great elevation of heart rate and blood pressure was observed during exposure to the two versions of the Stroop Test (classical and computerized). In general, ratings of perceived difficulty of the Stroop task were higher in response to the Classical administration. Finally, subjects rated their Computer Self-Efficacy as high, indicating confidence and comfort working with computers. These results represent an important contribution that illustrate the relation of cognitive factors to physiological responses during cognitively demanding or difficult situations. In terms of the practical implications of these findings, situations experienced in academic environments can have a prominent impact in cardiovascular responding, and thus, health. As such, it is indicating that the medium of academic assessment might be an appropriate target for change in some settings for the benefit of the Student